綜合檢討評定的對象,以25層或90米以上之高層建築物占94%,其中以其下層有店舖使用之集合住宅占其90%,評定審查過程中,申請人對委員提出高層建築物之火災風險不慎理解,
多表示:"集合住宅很單純,為何要求這麼多?"
是的,在台灣,高層建築物於80年代陸續興建,當時的建築技術規則,即要求居室防火區劃;消防法規,亦要求應設置撒水設備(各設計案認定有些僅共用空間設置)
但是,我們先就今日英國Grenfell Tower集合住宅案例來談談,
邀請大家一起來思考,高層建築物的避難安全
一、建築概要:
1.1974年地上24層120戶之建築物,標準層為一層4戶供集合住宅使用
2.建築物內設置一座安全梯及兩座昇降機(梯廳兼走廊)
3.建築物內無設罝撒水設備
4.建築物外牆更新拉皮1000萬英磅使用了隔熱保溫,其構材使用了 ACM (Aluminium Composite Material) 鋁製複合材料,疑似外牆非耐火裝修
二、使用與管理:
1-使用人員: 特定人員使用,使用單純
2-建物管理: 委託 Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation物業管理
三、2017/6/14火災事件
1-火災成因: 四樓裝修不慎起火(至2017/6/14 PM11:17 ,Taiwan)
2-死傷情形: 12人死亡74人受傷(至2017/6/14 PM11:59 ,Taiwan)
3-避難逃生: 無法使用樓梯逃生,消防單位建議非起火層就地避難,人員跳樓逃生,其中有大人抱小孩跳樓
四、問題探討
1-為何火災:
施工火災未受物業管理之管理,施工程序無經審查核准,可能成因:
There are five theories being widely speculated on.
a. Gas explosion - Residents said refurbishment work had recently been carried out with work on the gas supply to the flats.
Faulty fridge - Witnesses described hearing one distressed resident apparently telling neighbours his faulty fridge caused the blaze.
Faulty wiring - One of the safety issues they highlighted was faulty wiring and said a disaster cause by the problem was narrowly averted four years ago.
b.Cladding on outskirts - Grenfell Tower was fitted with zinc rainscreen cladding and glazed curtain walling after a £10 million refurbishment. Experts have claimed this could have exacerbated the spread of the fire.
c.Lack of sprinklers/exits - Labour MP Jim Fitzpatrick said the Government has resisted calls to install sprinkler systems in high-rise blocks in the wake of the Lakanal House tragedy. The local Action Group also warned that there were not enough entries and exits to cope with a catastrophic event.
2-為何死亡:
a. 低樓層火災,建築物僅一座樓梯、昇降機間無防煙性能,樓層避難無安全層級,火煙往上蔓延,人由居室往走廊至樓梯逃生,即直接面對火煙
b. 高層建築物救災受限消防雲梯車可及高度,消防人員需藉由緊急用昇降機或樓梯至各樓層搶救,然而低樓梯火災,故無法由地上一層向上救援,增加搶救的困難
c. 外牆拉皮增加建物價值,構材考量隔熱節能,造成延燒快速及持續燃燒充足的火載量
建技則設編第83條:
各類場所消防安全設備設置標準第 17 條第1項第2款:
Reference news:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire
http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/london-grenfell-tower-fire-witnesses-say-people-jumped-8945036
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/14/everything-know-grenfell-tower-blaze/
外牆裝修材料參考:
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/3800401/grenfell-tower-cladding-fires-world-high-rise/
https://sotech-optima.co.uk/rainscreen-cladding-2/specifying-copper-rainscreen-cladding-material-or-finish/
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